Control valve mechanism for hydraulic apparatus



June 27, 1950 .c. E. ADAMS 2,512,730

comm. VALVE uncnmsu FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed lay 21, 1945 11 Sheets-Sheet l I-' I I m g: I

IIIIIIlI/Iliiliii/ IIIII'IIIIIIIII/IIII J 48 w m fia INVENTOR.

Cecil E.Adams BY A TTORNEY it Ii June 27, 1950 -C. E. ADAMS CONTROL VALVE IIECHANISI FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 21, 1945 154 62 I I 84 11 1m [60 l5 5 W 8 '7 202. Q

'75 XII l 52 94 slj ll Sheds-Sheet 2 I N VEN TOR.

Ce (Ii/1, E. Adflmg M KCVMMW A TTORNEY June 27, 1950 .c. E. ADAMS comm. vm uncamsu FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed'llay 21, 1945 11 Sheets-Sheet 3 is? a A 527 mu 7 R IN VEN TOR Cecil E.Adams B Y A T TORNEY June 27, 1950 .c, ADAMS 2,512,730

CONTROL VALVE MECHANISM FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 21, 1945 ll Sheets-Sheet 4 X j F1610. l8l 161 /A 180 A 162 F M FIGJOA IN V EN TOR.

Ce ciL E.Ad'ums BY ATTORNEY June 27, 1950 .cJE. ADAMS 2,512,730

CONTROL VALVE MECHANISM FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filedma 21.21945 11 Shets-Sheet 5 mnmwnn Ill v INVENTOR. 1&5

' fi -Adams ATTORNE'Y June 27, 1950 v 'c. a ADAMS comer. VALVE uscnmsu FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 2;, 1945 11 Sheets-Sheet 6 FIG 17 115 114 186 FIG 15. 1.15 114- INVENTOR. Mai/, ms 53? June 27, 1950 c. E. ADAMS CONTROL VALVE IIECHANISN FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS 11 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed May 21, 1945 June 27, 1950 c. E. ADAMS 2,512,730

CONTROL VALVE IIECHANISI FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 21, 1945 11 Sheets-Sheet 8 1 16.21. FIG.2.3.

I \1. Man i 1-; 90 1T '7 lrl 81 8 45 INVENTOR. Cecil E.Ad ams BY ATTORNEY June 27, 1950 .c. E. ADAMS CONTROL VALVE MECHANISM FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed lay 21, 1945 11 Sheets-Sheet 9 RN ri.

- IN VHV TOR.

g/ ail E-Adams M KW ATTORNEY June 27, 1950 -c. E. ADAMS 2512.730

common. VALVE uscnmxsu FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 21, 1945 11 Sheets-Sheet 10 v INVENTOR. Cecil, E. Adams June 27, 1950 k .c, ADAMS 2,512,730

CONTROL VALVE IECHANISI FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Filed May 21, 1945 11 Sheets-Shet 11 LENGTH OF STROKE FIG. 23. 5

TIME IN -5ECONDS LENGTH FIG. 30.

TIME \N 5ECOND$ L NGTH OF STROKE FIG. 31

IN V EN TOR.

T|M E m SECONDS BY ATTORNEY Ce ciL E. Adams Patented June 27, i950 CONTROL VALVE MECHANISM FOR HYDRAULIC APPARATUS Cecil E. Adams, Columbus, Ohio, assignor to The Denison Engineering Company, Columbus, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application May 21, 1945 Serial No. 594,963

25 Claims.

This invention relates to the science of hydraulics.

proved hydraulic system and control mechanism incorporated therein for operating machine tools and parts thereof such, for example, as the ram of a hydraulic press.

An object of this invention is to provide a hydraulic system and control mechanism therein which will permit the operation of a machine tool or other movable element in a variety of ways. It is first desired to provide acontrol mechanism capable of causing a machine element to reciprocate. It is further desired to have the element perform either a single reciprocation or a plurality of successive reciprocations or cycles of operation. It is further desired to have a machine element execute a portion of a cycle of operation and exert a force on an object at the will of the operator. It is also desired to interrupt the cycle ,of operation of the element and have it return to a starting point instantly at the will of the operator.

In, addition to the foregoing desires, it is an object to provide a control mechanism which will cause the element being governed to make one or more short, rapid reciprocations or vibrations in one or more cycles of operation of the element, whereby such element will impart a plurality of thrusts-to an object at a preset force, the reciprocations or vibrations being performed either during the automatically repeated cycles or a single cycle of operation of the element.

A further object of the invention is to provide the control mechanism with a means for predetermining the length of the short reciprocations or strokes of the element.

Another object of the invention is to provide the control means with an adjustment whereby the number of short reciprocations or strokes may be varied.

It is a further object of the invention to provide the control mechanism with means operative when the machine element has reached a predetermined point in its cycle of operation to reset the mechanism employed to determine the number of short strokes for another cycle of operation.

Another object is to provide the control mechanism with pressure responsive means for changing the rate of travel of the machine element at a desired point in the cycle of movement thereof, the element thus :being operated, if desired,

at a rapid rate during the first portion of the It is particularly directed to an im- It is an object of the invention to provide all the means mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs in a single housing or body whereby the fabrication thereof will be facilitated through a reduction of the number of parts and the time consumed in machining and assembling all the elements.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a hydraulic circuit including a power unit and control mechanism therefor formed in accordance with the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a plan view of the control mechanism shown in Figure 1;

Fig. 3 is a vertical longitudinal sectional view taken through the control mechanism on the plane indicated by the line HI-III of Fig. l;

' Fig. 4 is a vertical transverse sectional view taken through the control mechanism on the plane indicated .by the line IV-IV of Fig. 2, certain parts at the rear of the plane ofthe sec tion being indicated by broken lines;

Fig. 5 is a similar view taken on the plane indicated by the line V-V of Fig. 2;

Fig. 6 .is a vertical transverse sectional view taken on the plane indicated by the line VIVI' of Fig. 2;

' Fig. '7 is a fragmentary detailed sectional view taken on a vertical plane indicated by the line VII-VII of Fig. 2; I

Fig. 8 is a similar view taken on the plane indicated by the line VIIIVIII of Fig. 2;

Fig. 9 is a detail vertical sectional view taken on the plane indicated by the line IX-IX of Fig. 6;

Fig. 10 is a detailed vertical sectional view taken on the plane indicated by the line X-X of Fig. 9, this section extending the full height of the control mechanism even though only the lower portion thereof is shown in Fig. 9;

Fig. 10A is a detailed horizontal sectional view taken through the control mechanism on the plane indicated by the line XA--XA of Fig. 10;

Fig. 11 is a vertical transverse sectional view taken through the control mechanism onthe plane indicated by the line XI -XI of Fig. 2;

Fig. 12 is a horizontal sectional view taken through the control mechanism on the plane mdicated by the line XIIXII of Fig. 3;

Fig. 13 is a similar view taken on the plane indicated by the line XIII-XIII of Fig. 3;

Fig. 14 is a detailed vertical sectional view indicated by the line the parts in position to initiate operation of the machine element which, in the present illustration. is the press ram shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 16 is a detailed sectional view taken on the plane indicated by the line XVI-XVI of Fig. 15 and shows the position of the operating element necessary to place the control parts in the position shown in Fig. 15. The normal position of this operating element is shown by dotted lines in Fig. 4;

Fig. 17 is a view similar to Fig. 15 showing the parts of the control mechanism during a single cycle of operation, while the machine element is making the initial part of its power stroke at a rapid speed;

Fig. 18 is a vertical sectional view taken through the manual control spool employed in the mechanism on the plane indicated by the line XVIIIXVIII of Fig. 17

Fig. 19 is a vertical longitudinal sectional view of the control mechanism showing the position of the parts therein during single cycle operation while the ram is moving downward at slow speed during the final stage of a power stroke;

Fig. 20 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view showing the parts of the control mechanism disposed to initiate a downward or power stroke and cause the automatic repetition of the cycle of operation of the ram;

Fig. 21 is a similar view showing the parts of the control mechanism in position to effect upward or return movement of the ram during the automatic repetition of the cycle of operation of the ram;

Fig. 22 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view taken through the manual control spool on the Fig. 24 is a detailed vertical sectional view taken on the plane indicated by the line XXIV-XXIV ofFig. 23;

Fig. 25 is a vertical sectional view taken through the control mechanism showing the parts therein disposed to cause the ram to exert a sustained downward force;

Fig. 26 is a detailed vertical sectional view taken through the manual spool on the plane indicated by the'line )QCVIXXVI of Fig. 25, this figure showing in dotted lines the position of the operating element to locate the manual spool in the position shown in Fig. 25;

Fig. 27 is a diagrammatic view showing the piping arrangement of a hydraulic press provided with the control mechanism forming the subject matter of this invention; and

Fig. 28 is a diagrammatic view of a system which may be connected with the control mechanism to make the operation thereof dependent upon that of an extraneous element.

Figs. 29, 30, and 31 are graphic representations of movements of which an element, such as the ram shown inFig. 1, is capable when governed by the control mechanism forming the subject matter of this invention.

Referring more particularly to the drawing, the numeral 20 designates generally a hydraulic circuit in which the control mechanism com- 4 k 23, and a fluid motor 24, the latter, in this instance, comprising a power cylinder having a reciprocating piston 25. The pump 2! draws fluid from a tank 26 through a pipe 21 and discharges this fluid through a pipe 28 to the relief valve 22. From this member the fluid normally flows through pipe 30 to the control mechanism 23 which is employed to alternately direct the fluid to the ends of the fluid motor 24 through lines 3| and 32. In case the fluid motor or the control mechanism does not use the full volume of the pump 21, the relief valve 22 will prising the present invention has been incoroperate to return the excess fluid to tank 26 through line 29. It will be apparent that the lines 3! and 32 serve both as inlet and outlet lines, depending upon the direction of movement of the piston 25 in the cylinder 24.

.As pointed out in the objects, a function of the control mechanism 23 is to so direct the fluid under pressure from the pump 2| to the power cylinder 24 that the piston 25 will be caused to operate in a plurality of difi'erent ways, the fundamental operation of the power cylinder being that in which the piston 25 moves back and forth throughout the full length of the cylinder 24. This motion of the piston imparts similar movement to the ram 33 which depends from the lower side of the piston 25 through the lower end of the power cylinder, in order to perform useful work. As shown in Fig. 1, the ram 33 has a collar 34 secured thereto which collar has a rearwardly projecting arm 35, the outer end of which surrounds a shipper rod 36 depending from the control mechanism 23. The shipper rod 36 is detachably connected as at 31, to the control mechanism 23, and is provided above and below the arm 35 with rigid collars 38 and 39. The latter collar forms a part of a spring assembly 40, surrounding the shipper rod below the arm 35. This spring assembly includes a frame 4| having upper and lower collars 42 connected by side rods 42A, and a, spring 43. The spring surrounds the shipper rod above the collar 39 and one sliding collar 42 is disposed on the shipper rod above the spring while the other is disposed beneath the collar 33, the rods 42A connecting the upper and lower collars 42 extending through openings in the collar 33. When the spring assembly is fabricated, the spring 43 is' initially compressed so that when the arm 35 first engages the upper collar 42 in its downward movement, similar motion will be transmitted directly to the shipper rod to move it and the parts of the control mechanism 23 connected therewith downward before the spring 43 is further compressed.

The function of the spring assembly and arm 35 will be apparent from the description which follows.

The details of construction of the control mechanism 23 are shown more particularly in Figs. 2 to 16 inclusive of the drawings. The control mechanism 23 comprises the body 44 which may be a metallic casting, a forging or other suitably formed body in which a plurality of suitably arranged bores are formed. As shown in Fig. 3 the body 44 has a pair of bores 45 and 46 extending vertically therein, the bore 45 being located adjacent the central portion of the body. Upper and lower caps 41 and 48 are secured to the upper and lower ends, respectively, 01' the body 44 to close the ends of the bores 45 and 46. The

bore 45 intersects a plurality of chambers 50 to 58 inclusive while the bore 46 intersects chambers 60 and 61 and 62. The body 44 has also a anavso horizontal bore 63 formed therein which communicates at its inner end with the chamber 50. The outer end of this bore is threaded, as at 64, to receive the similarly threaded end of the conduit 30 leading from the pump 2|. By means of the pump 2| and conduit 30, fluid under pressure is supplied to the control mechanism, this fluid being admitted to the ohamber'50.

To control the flow of fluid from the chamber 50 to the power cylinder 24, the bore 45 slidably receives a sleeve valve member 65 which is movable between raised and lowered positions. No

' mally, when the ram 33 is in an elevated position, the sleeve 65 will also be in a raised position due to the engagement of the arm 35 with the collar 38 on the shipper rod 36. The sleeve is yieldably held in its raised position by a spring pressed ball 66 which is disposed in a socket in the lower cap 48, the ball engaging a shoulder 61 formed on the reduced extension 68 of the sleeve valve 65. It will be noticed from Fig. 3 that'when the sleeve is in a raised position, fluid under pressure may flow from the chamber 50 into the interior of the sleeve through ports 10. After reaching the interior of the sleeve, this fluid will be guided downwardly by a shuttle member 1| dis-' posed for sliding movement in the sleeve to ports 12 which, when the sleeve is in the elevated position, establishes communication between the interior of the sleeve and chamber 54. This chamber is connected by the inner end portion of a bored hole 13 with the bore 46 whereby the fluid flowing intothe chamber 54 may find access to the interior of the bore 46 and the chamber 60. Fluid is prevented from reaching chamber 6|, when the parts are located as shown in Fig. 3, by a spool 14 disposed for sliding movement in the bore 46. The spool 14 has upper and lower lands 15 and 16 which are spaced to provide an elongated groove 11 which forms a channel for fluid to flow between the hole 13 and the chambers 60 and 6| depending upon the position of the spool 14. Under normal conditions the spool 14 will be in the position shown in Fig. 3 in which position the land 16 blocks the chamber 6| so that fluid flowing through hole 13 will be directed into the chamber 60. As disclosed in Fig'. 3, this chamber intersects chamber 5| and fluid admitted to the former may flow without opposition into the latter. position shown in Fig. 3, this fluid will then flow through ports 18 formed in sleeve 65 to the interior thereof above a land 80 formed on the shuttle 1|. This fluid will then flow from the interior of the sleeve through ports 8| provided disposed as shown in Fig. 3, the shuttle 1| willv be held in a lowered position against the bottom wall 8| at the lower end of the spool 65' by a coil spring 82 disposed between a cap 83A, closing the open upper end of the spool, and the inner end wall of a socket formed in the shuttle. The spring 82 yieldably resists upward movement of the shuttle, thus maintaining the same in its lowered position until sulflcient fluid pressure is With the shuttle in thebuilt up in the lower end of the sleeve below the shuttle at which time the latter will be elevated to the position shown in Fig. 15.

This figure also shows the manual spool 14 and the sleeve 65 in the positions they will occupy to initiate the operation of the ram 33. It will be noted from Fig. 15 that the manual spool 14 has been lowered until the groove 11 communicates with the chamber 6|. To effect this lowering of the spool 14, a manual" control handle is operated to rotate a shaft 86 connected therewith and an eccentric pin 81 from the positions shown in Fig. 4 to the positions shown-in Fig. 16. When the spool 14 has been so lowered, hole 13 will be connected with chamber 6|. Fluid may then flow from chamber 54 through hole 13 to chamber 6| from which it will flow through hole 88 to chamber 51 adjacent the lower end of bore 45. The fluid thus admitted to chamber 51 will flow through ports 90 in the lower end of the spool to the interior of the spool below the shuttle 1|. The force of this fluid under pressure will move the shuttle upwardly until the land 80 thereon is positioned above the ports 18 in the spool. Fluid may then flow from the chamber 50 to the interior of the spool through port10 and upwardly to the port 18 through which it will flow to the chamber 5|. As shown in Fig.11, this chamber communicates with the passage 9| the outer end of which is connected with line 3| leading to the upper end of cylinder 24. Fluid flowing along this path will cause the piston 25 and ram 33 to move downwardly in the cylinder 24 and fluid beneath the piston 25 will be discharged from the cylinder 24 through line 32 to the control mechanism.

Line 32 is connected with a passage 92 (see Fig. 11) formed in the body 44 which passage in turn communicates with chamber 52. The fluid will then flow through ports 93 (see Fig. 15) to the interior of the sleeve 65 between lands 94 and 95 on the shuttle. Angular ports 96 in the sleeve 65 conduct this fluid to chamber 55 from which it will flow through passage 91 (see Fig. 13) to another vertical bore 98 formed in the body 44. As shown in Fig. 6 the bore 98 slidably receives a spool I00 which is formed with two an- 'nular grooves I0 I and I02 which with the wall of the bore 98 form annular chambers. The passage 91 communicates with groove I02 and spool I00 is provided with lateral ports I03 to connect the groove I02 and consequently, passage 91 with an axial passage I04 formed in the spool. This axial passage communicates by way of a reduced orifice I05 withan enlarged portion I06 of the bore 98, this enlarged portion forming a chamber around the upper portion of spool I00. As shown in Fig. 7, a short angular passage I01 formed in the body 44 connects the chamber I06 with the chamber 53 which is connected by port 82A, chamber 62, hole 83, and conduit 84 with the tank 26. It will thus be seen that when the control parts are positioned as in Fig. 15, fluid under pressure may flow to the upper end of the power cylinder while fluid is being discharged from the lower end thereof to the tank 26. I

Due to the restriction to flow offered by the orifice I05, fluid in the system between this orifice and the lower end of the piston 25 will be under k through a reduced orifice I09 formed in a plug 1 7 I I disposed in the lower end of the shuttle, to the fluid in the spool beneath the shuttle. The force of this back pressure will hold the shuttle in its elevated position even though the spool I4 returns to its normal position, as shown in Fig. 17, when the handle is released. Spool I4 is returned to its normal position by coil spring I disposed between the lower end of the spool 14 and the bottom cap 48. This cap is recessed in registration with the bore 46 to receive and locate the lower end of the spring I I I. The upper end of this spring is located against the spool 14 by a boss formed on the lower end of this spool. The tendency for the spring I I I to expand causes the spool I4 to move upwardly in the bore 46 until the upper end of the spool 14 engages a disc II2 located in the chamber 62. This disc is urged downwardly by a ,coil spring II3 spring III, this movement will be terminated when the upper end of the spool engages the under side of disc II2. At this time spool 14 will be in the position shown in Figs. 4 and 17 wherein chamber 60 is open to the interior of the bore and to chamber 54 through hole I3. Since chambers SI and 54 both contain fluid at pump pressure and these chambers are connected by chamber and bore 46, the location of spool 14 in this position will have no eiiect on the operation of the ram at this time. It will thus be seen that after the spool I4 has been moved downward through the manipulation of handle 85, this handle may be released to permit the spool 14 to return to a normal position as soon as the shuttle II has been raised and ram has started to move downwardly. Since these elements move substantially instantaneously, it is merely necessary for the operator to swing the handle I5 down to the position shown in Fig. 16 and immediately release the same to permit it to return to the normal position.

After the cycle of operation of the ram has been initiated, thiscycle will continue, the ram.

moving down at a relatively rapid rate during the initial movement until the arm 35 engages the upper collar 42 on the shipper rod and by this means moves the sleeve.65 down to its lower position, shown in Fig. 19. Continued dow nward movement of the ram will then cause the arm 35 to compress spring 43. When the sleeve is in its lowermost position, the angular ports 95 will connect the interior of the sleeve with chamber 56 so that fluid flowing from the lower end oi the power cylinder 24 to the chamber 52 will flow into the interior of the sleeve through ports I", downwardly in the sleeve to the angular ports 36 and through these ports into the chamber 58. This chamber communicates with a horizontal duct II8 which is intersected intermediate its length by a vertical passage I20, see Fig. 3. The passage I20 in turn is intersected by a second horizontal passage I2I with which an angular passage I22, see Fig. 14, is connected. The upper end of this angular passage connects with passage 01, which, as previously described, connects with bore 98. After reaching the sleeve valve 65 the exhaust fluid from the power cylinder now flows through ports, III, the interior or the sleeve, angular ports 90, chamber 56, ducts III. I20, I2I, I22, and passage 9'! to bore 98 at groove I02. The fluid then flows through ports I03, the axial passage I04 of spool I00 and through the reduced orifice I05, thence to'tank 25 the same as previously. As before, the restricted orifice I05 causes the back pressure which serves to retain the shuttle elevated during the downward operation or power stroke of the ram 33.

The passage I2I adjustably receives a needle valve I23 which is'provided with an adjusting knob I24 at its outer end. Through the adjustment of the knob I24, the needle valve may be moved into and out of the bore I2I to vary the effective degree of communication between passage I2I and passage I22. By reducing the degree of communication between these passages a pressure drop is created whereby the pressure in the exhaust line between valve I23 and the lower end of the power cylinder is increased above that caused by the orifice I05. It will be noted from Fig. 6 that the passage H8 is connected by a reduced passage I25 with the lower end of bore 98. The fluid under back pressure will thus be introduced into the bore below the spool I00 and will tend to move the spool I00 in an up- .vard direction against the force of the spring I26. When the back pressure is suflicient to raise the spool I00 to a point where the groove IN is connected with chamber I05. some of the fluid flowing into the control mechanism through passage 63 will be by-passed through bore 90 and chamber I05 directly to the tank since passage 63 connects with bore 98 as shown at 121. It is important to note at this point that the shuttle valve 59 and the spool I00 are both responsive to this back pressure and that the former must remain elevated to the upper position during the power stroke while the latter may move only slightly to by-pass the necessary amount of fluid to secure the desired ram speed. The shuttle valve must therefore respond more readily to the fluid pressure than the spool I00 otherwise the latter would permit full pump volume to be bypassed, shuttle valve would drop and the ram would reverse. The spool I00 is formed with a taper at the upper portion of groove IOI so that as it is moved upwardly, the volume of fluid permitted to flow into the chamber I06 will be progressively increased. When a portion of this pump pressure fluid is by-passed, the downward speed of the ram will be proportionately decreased, with the consequent result of decreasing the volume of fluid being exhausted from the lower end of the power cylinder. A suificient downward speed of the ram will be maintained,

however, to insure the predetermined pressure drop and consequently the position of the spool I00 necessary to secure the desired rate of movement of the ram. It will thus be seen that through the adjustment of the needle valve I23, the rate of movement of the ram 33 may be controlled. This control is effective, however, only after the arm 35 has engaged the collar 42 on the shipper rod and moved the shipper rod and sleeve 55 down in opposition to the resistance offered by the spring pressed ball 66. If it is desired to have the ram move at the same speed during the complete power stroke, the valve I23 may be adjusted to oifer no resistance to fluid flow from line I 2I to line I22. When this adjustment is made, the back pressure caused by the orifice I05 is applied equally to the upper and 9 a lower surfaces of the spool I and the spring may then hold the spool in its lowermost position, in which all the pump volume willflow to the power cylinder.

When the downward movement of the piston and ram 33 is stopped, either through the engagement of the ram with an obstruction which positively prevents further movement or the engagement of the piston with the bottom of the cylinder 24, the flow of fluid from the lower end of the cylinder will be interrupted. When this interruption occurs, the back pressure will fall in the lower end of the cylinder 24, line 32, passage 92, chamber 52, sleeve 65, port 36, chamber 56, and passages II8, I20, I2I, I22, and 38. The pressure beneath the spool I00 in the bore 38 will also fall, permitting the spring I26 to move this spool to a position where the by-passing of pump fluid will be discontinued. At this time full pump pressure will be applied to the piston 25 so that the ram will exert the maximum pres-, sure, for which the relief valve 22 is set, on the work. When the back pressure in the lower end of the cylinder 24 and the line leading therefrom to the tank 26 falls, the pressure below the shuttle 1| will also fall due to the escape of fluid through the reduced bore I09 in the plug IIO. At this time spring 82 will move the shuttle 1| downward until the lower end thereof engages the bottom wall 8| of the spool 65 as shown in Fig. 21, the sleeve being in a lowered position also. At this time fluid under pressure is directed from the pump 2| through lines 28 and 30, passages 63, chamber 50, ports 10, sleeve 65, ports I I1, chamber 52, passage 32 and line 32 to the lower end of the power cylinder 24, to cause the piston 25 to move in an upward direction. As the piston approaches the upper end of its movement, the arm 35 will engage collar 38 and transmit movement to the shipper rod which will, in turn, cause the sleeve 65 to move to its upper position. At this time, the parts of the control mechanism will be disposed as shown in Fig. 3 in which position they cause the fluid supplied by the pump to be returned directly to the tank 26. The ram will then be at rest in its elevated position ready to execute another cycle of operation. The control 85 must then be swung downward to the position shown in Fig. 16, to repeat the cycle of operation just described.

If, in the operation of the ram, it is necessary to reverse the movement thereof during the power stroke, the control member 85 may be elevated or swung upwardly to the position shown in Fig.

24 in which position the spool 14 will be disposed as shown in Fig. 23. When the lever 85 is so operated, the spool will be moved upwardly against the .action of the spring II 3 and the chamber 6| will then be connected with the lower portion of the bore '46. This portion of the bore is connected through the hollow interior of the sleeve 14 with the chamber 62 at the upper end of the bore 46. Since the chamber 62 is connected directly with the tank 26, the chamber 51 surrounding the lower portion of the spool 65 will also be connected directly to the tank 26 through .the passage 88 extending between chamber 6| and chamber 51. Fluid may then escape from the lower portion of the interior of the sleeve 65 below the shuttle 1| through ports 30 to the chamber 51 thence through passage 88, chamber 6|, bore 46, the interior of spool 14 to chamber 62 and through line 84 to tank 26. By permitting the fluid to flow from the lower interior portion of spool 65 spring 82 will cause shuttle 1| to drop to its lowermost position in which fluid under pressure will be supplied to the lower end of the power cylinder 24 to cause the piston 25 to move upwardly and carry with it the ram 33. This emergency operation of the ram may be performed at any point in its power stroke, whether the ram is moving during the fast traverse portion of the stroke or the slower portion. After the control lever 85 has been moved to the emergency reverse position and the ram reaches its normal elevated position, the lever may be released and permitted to return to its normal position, under the influence of spring II3. In the operation of a press, it is sometimes desired to have the ram exert continuous downward force. This result is secured by moving the manual lever 85 to ingroove 11 so that the same fluid pressure in the upper end of the power cylinder and the line leading from the pump 2| thereto will be transmitted to the lower end of the shuttle H by way of passage 88, chamber 51 and ports 90. This fluid pressure will hold the shuttle in its upper position to direct fluid toward the upper end of the power cylinder and consequently the ram will be held down until the manual spool 14 is moved to a position in which the fluid pressure will no longer be directed to the lower end of the shuttle and the spring will cause its return to the lower position, as previously described, to effect the elevation of the ram.-

In some instances, it may be found desirable to have the ram 33 move downward into engagespool I32 has a groove I33 formed in the sidewall thereof and the bore |3I also has agroove or enlarged portion |34 which is normally prevented from communicating with the groove I33 by the upper unreduced 'portion of the spool I32. Communication between the grooves I33 and I34 can only be established by moving the spool I32 upwardly until the shoulder at the upper end of groove I33 passes the lower shoulder of groove I34. This operation is performed by fluid pressure introduced to the lower end of the bore I3I through a passage I35 extending transversely of the body 44. This passage I35 intersects a passage I36 extending horizontally into the body 44 and connecting at its inner end, see Fig. 3, with the chamber 52 which chamber is connected by passage 92, see Fig. 11, with the line 32 extending to the lower end of the cylinder 24.

It will be'seen that after the ram 33 has moved downwardly in a normal cycle of operation to its lowermost position, limited either bythe engagement of piston 25 with the bottom wall of the cylinder 24 or the engagement of the ram with an obstruction offering sumcient resisting force to prevent further downward movement of the ram,

fluid from the pump will be directed into the lower end of the cylinder 24, as previously described, to cause the piston to move upwardly. A portion of this fluid will flow into the passage I36 and from this passage through passage I35 to the lower end of bore I3I. To create the pressure necessary to effect the operation of the short stroke creating mechanism I30 it is necessary to restrict the exhaust flow of fluid from the upper end of the power cylinder. This restriction is secured in the present instance, by placing a plug I31 having a reduced opening I38 in the passage 9|. The opening I38 is of such size that it will restrict flow when a large volume is being exhausted from the upper end of the power cylinder due to the full pump output being delivered to the rod side of the piston but will not interfere with the flow of fluid to the power cylinder on the power stroke of the ram. Because of the resistance oflered by the plug I31, the fluid supplied to the lower end of the power cylinder will be under I pressure which will be transmitted to the bore I3I through passages I 36 and I35. This fluid pressure will exert a force on the spool I32 and tend to move the same upwardly. In moving in this di rection, spool I32 will expel fluid from the upper end of bore I3I through a. passage I39 formed in a control body insert I40 which is threaded into the bore I3I at its upper end. The passage I39 connects with a cavity I40A formed in the insert I40, this cavity being connected by reduced lateral passages I with an annular chamber I42 surrounding the lower portion of the insert I40. This annular chamber is connected by an angularly extending passage I43 which communicates with another passage I44 leading. as shown in Fig. 3, to chamber Fluid flow between passage I44 and chamber 5I is limited by a restriction I45 formed in the passage I44. The purpose of thisrestriction will be hereinafter set forth.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that when fluid under pressure is supplied to the lower end of bore I3I,'spool I32 will be elevated and will force fluid from the upper end of the bore I 3I through passage I39, chamber I40A, passages I4I, chamber I42, passages I43 and I 44, into chamber 5| from which this fluid will flow to' tank 26.

Since chamber 5I is connected with the upperend of the power cylinder 24, fluid under pressure will be supplied through the series of passages and chambers I44, I43, I42, I4 I, I40A and I39 just mentioned, to the upper end of bore I 3I when fluid is supplied to the upper end of cylinder 24 to move piston 25 downwardly. thus the spool I32 will be moved downwardly sufflciently to permit the shoulder at the upper end of groove I33 to interrupt communication between this groove and groove I34. It will thus be seen that the spool I32 moves upwardly to establish communication between lines I41 and I43 each time piston 25 moves upwardly and downwardly to interrupt such communication each time the piston 25 moves downwardly. When, during the upward movement of the spool I32, the groove I33 communicates with groove I34, fluid under pump pressure will be admitted to chamber 58 from which it will flow into chamber 51 and through ports 90 to the interior of the sleeve 65 below shuttle 1|. The path of this fluid is as follows: from passage 63, fluid flows into a vertical bore I46, see Fig. 6, formed in the body 44 at one side of the bore 38, downwardly in bore I46 and outwardly therefrom through a passage I41, see Fig. 12, to the bore I3I. The passage I41 extends diagonally from the bore I46 to the bore I3I at the groove I33. When grooves I33 and I34 are in communication, fluid thus admitted to groove I33 will flow into groove I34 and from this groove through a horizontal passage I48, a vertical passage I40, and a horizontal passage I50, see Figs, 5, l0, and 10A, to annular groove 58 surrounding the lower end of the sleeve 65. When the sleeve 65 is in a lowered position, an external groove I52 formed in the lower portion thereof establishes communication between the chamber 58 and the chamber 51 whereby this fluid may flow to and through ports 90 to the interior of the lower portion of the sleeve 65 below the shuttle N. This operation takes place when the ram is moving in an upward direction and the shuttle is in its lowered position.

The admission of fluid under pressure in this manner will force the shuttle H to move upwardly whereby fluid under pump pressure will be directed to the upper end of the power cylinder 24 and cause the ram again to move in a downward direction. The length of time required for the spool I32 to move sufficiently to establish communication between grooves I33 and I34 will determine the distance traversed by the ram on its short stroke. If only a short time is required, the distance moved by the ram will be relatively short, whereas if a longer time is required, the ram will move a greater distance. To control the length of time required by the spool I32, the insert I40 is provided with an adjustable. needle valve I53 which controls the communication between the passage I39 and the cavity I40A. This needle valve is provided with a threaded stem I54 having I an adjusting knob I55 at the upper end thereof.

The threaded stem is also provided with a knurled lock nut I56 which is employed to maintain the adjustment of the valve I53. It will be seen that each time the ram starts an upward movement or stroke when the mechanism I30 is in operating condition, fluid under pressure will be supplied to the lower end of spool I32. When this fluid has moved the spool to its upper position wherein communication is established between grooves I33 and I34 the shuttle will be elevated to cause the ram to reverse and move downwardly. These short strokes will be continued indefinitely unless interrupted by some suitable means.

One such means has' been illustrated in Fig. 6 and is designated generally by the numeral I53. This mechanism regulates the number of times the short stroke is repeated; it is hereafter designated as the stroke counting mechanism. This mechanism is shown in an inoperative condition in Fig. 6 and in an operative condition in Fig. 27; it comprises a spool I60 which is slidably ositioned in the bore I46 and is formed hollow for the reception of a coil spring I6I which engages the closed inner end of the spool and the bottom cover 48. The spring tends to force the spool I60 upwardly in the bore I46, normally holding the spool against the lower end of a. stop screw I62 which is threadedly received in an insert I63 threaded into the cap '41 over the bore I46. The adjustable stop screw I62 is also provided with a knob I64 to effect its operation and a knurled lock nut I65 for maintaining the positions of adjustment. Through the operation of the screw I62, the number of times the ram repeats the short stroke will be varied. While the mechanism I58 has been designated as a counting mechanism, it depends upon the displacement of fluid for its operation.

The stroke counting mechanism also includes a second spool or piston I 66 which is disposed for movement in a bore I61 arranged parallel to the bore I3I in the body 44. The piston I66 is responsive to fluid pressure to force fluid from the upper end of the bore I61 into the upper end of bore I46. This fluid is forced through a check valve mechanism I68 to a-passage I (Fig. 8) and thence to the upper end of 'bore I46. The check valve mechanism I68 includes a body In which is threaded into the upper end of bore I61. This body has access for the slidable reception of the check valve itself, this check valve being designated by numeral I12. A coil spring I13 disposed between the check valve I12 and a plug I14 serve to urge the check valve toward a seated position. After being elevated, piston I66 is returned to its lowered position when fluid under pressure is supplied to the power cylinder to move the ram in a downward direction. The fluid for returning piston I66 is supplied thereto through restriction I45, see Fig. 3, passage I44, 8, check valve mechanism I15 disposed in the outer end of the passage I14, and a short lateral passage I16 leading from the outlet of the check valve to the upper end of bore I61 just below check valve mechanism I68. Check valve mechanism I 151s similar to check valve I68 and includes a body I11 having a chamber for the reception of a valve I18. A coil spring I19 tends to urge the valve I18 toward the closed position to restrict fluid flow to one direction only, the valve I18 permitting fluid flow toward bore I61 while valve I 68 permit fluid flow away from the bore I61.

From the foregoing it will be seen that each time the piston in the power cylinder 24 moves upwardly or downwardly, the piston I66 in bore I61 will move in the same direction. On each upward stroke, this piston will displace a definite amount of fluid which will pass through the check valve I68 and passage I10 into the upper end of bore I46 above spool I60. The introduction of this fluid into the bore I46 on each upward stroke of the piston I66 will cause the spool I 60 to be depressed in a step by step manner against the action of spring I6I. To permit the downward movement of the spool I50, the fluid in the lower end of the bore I46 must be relieved. The path fluid may therefore be'discharged from the lower end of bore I46 without appreciable resistance. When the unreduced portion at the upper end of the spool I 60 passes the point in the bore I46 at which communication between the passage 63 and bore I46 takes place, fluid flow under pressure into the bore I46 will be discontinued and fluid'under pressure can no longer be supplied to the under side of the shuttle through bore I46, passage I41, bore I3I, grooves I33 and I34, passage I48, I49 and I50, chamber 58, groove I52, chamber 51 and ports 80. The piston 25 will therefore execute a complete return stroke without interruption. As previously set forth, the arm 35 will engage the-collar 38, near the end of the I return stroke of the ram, and push the sleeve 65 to its upper position wherein the groove I52 will no longer connect chambers 51 and 58. The flow of fluid under pressure to the under side of the shuttle before the counting mechanism 158 can be completely reset, in a manner to be presently "described, is thereby precluded. If the manual 65 and groove 54, the cap at the upper end of.

the sleeve 65 will engage a depending stem I83 provided on a check valve I84. This valve is arranged in a recess I85 formed in the top cover 41; it is normally held in a closed position by spring I86 disposed between the valve I84 and a plug I81 threaded into the open upper end of the recess I85. As shown in Fig. 8, a passage I88 establishes communication between the recess I85 and the upper end of bore I46. When the valve I84 is unseated,the spring I6I will force the spool I 60 upwardly to eject the fluid from the upper end of the bore I46. As the spool I60 moves upwardly, fluid will flow into the lower end of the bore I46 through passages I44, I82, I8I, and I to relieve any suction. The upward movement of the spool I60 will be continued until the lower end of the stop screw I62 is engaged. In this manner, the spool I60 will be set for another operation. It should be obvious that by varying the vertical position of. the stop screw I62, the volume of fluid required to move the spool 160 to the position to interrupt fluid flow between passages 63 and I41 will be changed. Consequently, the number of short strokes of the ram will be changed also.

In some instances it may be found desirable to have the cycle just described automatically repeated an indefinite number of times. To secure this automatic operation, the control lever is manipulated to move the manual spool 14 into the position shown in Figs. 20 and 21. This position of the control handle is indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 22, At this time the unreduced portion 15 of the manual spool 14 will block of! the chamber 60 from passage 13 while the portion 16 of this spool will permit unrestricted communication between this passage, chamber 6| and the angular passage 88. When the spool 14 is in this position and the sleeve 65 is moved upwardly through the engagement of the arm 35 with the collar 38 fluid under pressure from the pump will flow from chamber 50 through port 10 to the interior of the sleeve and through port 12 to chamber 54 from which it will flow through opening 13, bore 46, chamber H and angular passage 88 to chamber 51. It will then flow through ports 80 to the lower end of the spool beneath the shuttle H. The force of, this fluid will move the shuttle to an elevated position causing fluid under pump pressure to 'be directed to the upper end of the power cylinder 24. Another cycle of operation will then be initiated. These cycles, in which the ram moves downwardly, then delivers a series of sharp im-- pulses at the lower end of its'stroke and returns to its upper position, will be repeated as long as the manual spool 14 is held in the position shown in Figs. 21 and 22. When it is desired to terminate this operation, the control member 85 is' flipped upwardly to the position shown in -Figs. 4 and. 18, at which time the manual spool 14 will block the chamber 6| from passage 13.

When this spool is in this position and the ram approaches the upper, end of its stroke, the fluid whatever.

supplied to the control mechanism by the pump will be bypassed around the power cylinder 24 to the reservoir 25.

When it is desired to have the, ram execute a cycle of operation without the short rapid impulses or reciprocations, the knob I64 of the counting mechanism is adjusted to position the stop screw IE2 in its lowermost position, as shown in Fig. 6, wherein the spool I60 will prevent com munication between the passage 63 and the interior of the bore I46. When this communication is interrupted, fluid cannot flow from the pump pressure line to the chamber 58 and the upward movement of the ram will not be interrupted until the return stroke is completed.

As illustrated in Figs. 3, 15, 1'7, 20, 21, and 23, the valve I84 is held in an open position by sleeve 65 when it is in an upper position and the ram is moving downwardly during the fast traverse portion of the power stroke. During this time fluid under pump pressure is being supplied to the chamber I which is connected with the upper end of the power cylinder. The constriction I45 is provided between chamber 5I and passage I44 to prevent the loss of fluid pressure from chamber 5I through line I44, check valve I15, passage H0, check valve I68, passage I70, bore I40, passage I88, and chamber I85 to chamber 53 and tank 26. Since both ends of the bore I45 are connected by passages, the fluid pressure on the ends of the spool will be balanced and there will be no tendency for the same to move when fluid is supplied to bore I01 on the power stroke of the ram.

To determine the pressure being developed in the system, gauge I05 is connected with the line 3| leading to the upper end of the power cylinder. A valve I95 is positioned between this gauge and the line 3| to prevent injury to the gauge during the rapid changes of pressure in the operation of the ram. When it is desired to determine the force being exercised by the ram, the manual control 85 is manipulated, first, to move the manual spool 14 to the position shown in Fig. 15 whereby the operation of the ram will-be initiated. After the ram begins to move downward, the control is moved back a slight distance to position the same, as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 26, to cause the same to perform the hold down operation previously described. The manual spool will then be in the position shown in Fig. 25. When in this position the spool 14 serves to connect the chambers 60 and BI and thus permits a portion of the fluid flowing to the upper end of the power cylinder 24 to be directed to the chamber SI and from this chamber through passage 80 to chamber 51. This fluid pressure flows through ports 90 in spool 65 and is applied to the lower end of the shuttle II. As previously mentioned, the downward movement of the piston 25 in the power cylinder 24 expels fluid from the lower end of this power cylinder which fluid is returned to the tank 25. The restriction I05 in spool I09 causes a back pressure on the fluid thus being expelled which back pressure is directed by passages mentioned previously to the interior of the spool beneath the shuttle. This back pressure serves normally to maintain the shuttle in an elevated position so that fluid being supplied to the mechanism will be directed to the upper end of the power cylinder. In the normal operation of the device, the spring 82 returns the shuttle to a lowered position when the piston 25 stops in its downward movement from any cause When themanual spool I4 is in the position shown in Fig. 25, however, fluid under pump pressure is constantly applied to the lower end of the shuttle to hold it in an elevated position and direct fluid under pump pressure to the upper end of the power cylinder whereby the ram will be held in its lowered position. During this time the maximum capacity of the press, that is, the capacity for which relief valve 22 has previously been set, will be exerted upon the work disposed beneath the ram. At this time, also, valve I96 may be opened to admit fluid under the pressure existing in thesystem to be applied to the pressure indicator I95. After the reading has been taken from the gauge 95, the valve I96 should be closed to prevent injury to the pressure indicator as previously mentioned.

During the foregoing, the operation of each part has been given as its description has proceeded. A summary of the operation of the device as a unit will now be given. This operation can best be understood bya reference to the flow diagram shown in Fig. 27.

Single cycle plain reciprocation.-Fluid from reservoir 26 is forced by pump 2Ithrough line 30 to chamber in the body 44. When the sleeve 65 is in an elevated position and shuttle 5| is in its lowered position, this fluid will flow from chamber 50 into the interior of sleeve 65, downwardly therein and outwardly through ports I2 to chamber 54 from which it will flow through opening 13 into bore 46 whence it will flow upwardly to chamber 60 from which it will flow to chamber 5| and thence through port 18 to the interior of the sleeve 65 and upwardly to the ports III. This fluid will flow through these ports to chamber 53 and thence to the reservoir 26 through port 82A, chamber 62, port 83 and line 84. This bypassing of fluid is indicated by arrows in Fig. 3. To initiate the operation of the ram 33, spool 14 is lowered sufliciently to permit groove '11 therein to establish a flow between chamber 50 and groove 51 in the body 44 by way of port I0 in the sleeve 65, the interior of the sleeve between lands 80 and 94 on the shuttle, port 12 in sleeve 65, chamber 54, passage I3, bore 46, and passage 88. This flow will cause a fluid pressure in chamber 51 which will be transmitted through ports 00 to the interior of the lower end of the sleeve. This avenue of pressure applies a force to the under side of shuttle II and causes the same to be moved to an elevated position against the resistance oflered by spring 82. When in a raised position, the shuttle then connects chambers 50 and 5| through ports I0 and 18 in the sleeve 65. Fluid under pressure may then flow to the upper end of the power cylinder 24 through passage 9I and'line 3| and will tend to urge the piston 25 therein downwardly. This motion forces fluid out of the lower end of the cylinder through line 32 to chamber 52 in body 44. As this chamber 52 at this time is connected by port 93, the interior of the sleeve and ports 96 with the chamber 55 which is in turn connected by line 91 with bore 98, the fluid flowing from the power cylinder 24 will pass to the bore 98 at the grooved portion I02 of spool I00. This fluid will flow through ports I03 to the center bore I04 of the spool and upwardly to restricted port I05 through which the fluid will flow to chamber I06. From this chamber the fluid will flow through passage 84 to tank 26.

The back pressure on the fluid flowing from the cylinder caused by the restricted port I05 is applied to the lower end of the shuttle through 17 ports I88 and a bore I88 formed therein to hold the shuttle in its elevated position. As soon as the downward motion of the ram is initiated, the control 85 may be released to permit the spool I4 to return to its normal position shown in 1 Fig. 3. The back pressure on the under side of the shuttle will retain this member elevated until the exhaust flow of fluid from the lower end of the power cylinder is discontinued, either through the engagement of the piston 25 with the lower end of the cylinder or the engagement of the ram 33 with an obstruction which offers suflicient resistance to prevent movement thereof. In either event, the fluid pressure in the system between pump 2I and piston 25 in the power cylinder will be elevated to the maximum for which relief valve 22 has been previously set. At this time the ram 33 will be exerting the maximum force or tonnage for the particular setting of the relief valve. When the exhaust fluid ceases to flow from the power cylinder, the back pressure will fall in the system between restriction I and piston 25 and fluid will be forced from the sleeve 65 beneath the shuttle through the restricted port I89 in plug I I0 permitting the shuttle to move to its lower position. At this time chamber 58 will be connected with the chamber 52 and fluid under pump pressure will be supplied to the lower end of the power cylinder through line 32 to effect the elevation of the piston 25. Before reaching the lower end of its travel, the ram 33 will transmit movement through arm 35 to the shipper rod 36 which will in turn transmit the downward movement to the sleeve 65. This downward movement is limited through the engagement of a shoulder at the upper end of the sleeve with a complemental shoulder formed in the body 44. At this time, the angular ports 98 will connect the interior of the sleeve with chamber55. The exhaust flow of fluid will then be directed through passages II8, I2I, and I22 to the bore 88. This rerouting of the fluid .will have no effect upon the operation of the device as long as needle valve I23 is in a fully open position. If it is desired to have the ram 33 move at a reduced rate of speed during the final movement thereof in a downward direction, the needle valve I23 may be adjusted to restrict fluid flow between passages HI and I22. This restriction will cause a pressure differential between passages I2I and I22, the higher pressure of which will be transmitted through passage I25 to the lower end of bore 88 where it will be applied to the lower end of the spool I88. This application of fluid pressure to ment of the needle valve I23. When two downward speeds are .employed, that is, the rapid traverse during the first part of the downward movement and slower speed during the latter part thereof, the entire travel upward during the return of the ram, will be at a rapid rate. Near the termination of the upward movement of the ram 33, the arm 35 engages collar 38 on the shipper rod and shifts the sleeve 65 to its upper position. At this time, the parts therein the fluid pressure from the pump will by-pass the power cylinder and be returned directly to the tank 28.

With the control mechanism shown herein, the operation of the-ram may be modified in several ways. First, the ram may be operated to perform a hold down operation. This operation is secured by swinging the control handle 85 downward to the position indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 16. The manual control spool 14 will then be in the position shown in Fig. to initiate the power stroke of the ram. After the ram starts its downward travel, the control 85 is moved backward or upward to the position indicated in Fig. 26 to place the spool I4 in the position shown in Fig. 25. In this position, this spool causes some of the fluid directed toward the upper end of the I power cylinder to be diverted through the bore 48 and passage 88 to the under side of the shuttle. The force of this fluid will hold the shuttle up as long as the spool" is held in its position. When the handle 85 is released, the ram will return to its normal elevated position. Next, the plain reciprocating movement or cycle of the ram may be caused to automatically repeat an indefinite number of times. To secure this automatic repetition, the control 85 may be moved to the position shown by dotted lines in Fig. 22 in which position it will remain due to the fact that the eccentric pin 81 has been swung beyond the center line of the manual spool I4. The tendency for the spring III to expand serves to hold the eccentric pin 81 in the position'on the opposite side of the center line of the spool I4 and thus prevents the spool from returning to its normal elevated position. With the manual spool held in its lowered position, the downward movement of the ram will be accomplished in the manner set forth above. The ram will also return toward its normal position in the same manner, but, when the arm 35 operates the shipper rod to shift the sleeve 65 to an elevated position, fluid under pump pressure will be directed into the bore 46 and downwardly therein to the chamber 8| from which it will flow through passage 88 to chamber 51 surrounding the lower end I of the sleeve 65. The fluid under pump pressure will thus be applied through port 98 to the under side of the shuttle II causing the same to be elevated and direct fluid under pressure to the upper endof the power cylinder thus initiating another cycle of operation. As long as spool I4 is held in its lower position, the cycles of operation will be automatically repeated. As in the singleacycle of operation, the flow control mechanism may be either utilized or not through the manipulation of the needle valve I23.

downward movement of the ram 33, fluid under pump pressure will be supplied to the lower end of the power cylinder to effect elevation of the ram in the same manner as before; however, a

portion of this fluid will flow through passage I36 to the lower end of bore I3I and apply pressure 

